Have you ever wondered how to tell if ivory is real? Many people think they can tell by the weight, color, or even the grain of the ivory, but these methods are not always reliable. In fact, there are a number of ways to simulate the look and feel of real ivory, so it’s important to be able to identify the real thing if you’re considering buying an ivory item.
In this article, we’ll explore some of the most common methods for testing the authenticity of ivory. We’ll also provide some tips for avoiding scams and buying ivory safely. So whether you’re a collector, an investor, or just someone who is curious about ivory, read on to learn more about how to tell if ivory is real.
One of the most common methods for testing the authenticity of ivory is the scratch test. To perform the scratch test, simply take a sharp object (such as a knife or a needle) and scratch the surface of the ivory. If the scratch is white, the ivory is real. If the scratch is brown or black, the ivory is likely fake.
Identifying Visual Characteristics
Examining the ivory’s visual characteristics is crucial for discerning its authenticity. Here are some key features to look for:
Color and Texture: Real ivory possesses a characteristic creamy-white to off-white hue. It exhibits a smooth, satiny texture with a slight sheen or luster. Avoid ivory with a yellowish or grayish tint, as this indicates exposure to light or aging, which can diminish its value.
Grain Pattern: Ivory exhibits a distinctive grain pattern known as the “Schreger lines.” These tiny cross-hatching lines, visible under a microscope or magnifying glass, are unique to ivory and cannot be replicated in synthetic materials.
Weight and Density: Genuine ivory is dense and heavy for its size. It feels substantial in hand and has a higher density than plastics or other imitation materials. Conversely, fake ivory tends to be lighter and may feel hollow or porous.
Fluorescence: When exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, real ivory typically emits a soft, bluish-white fluorescence. This is due to the presence of minerals and organic compounds within the ivory. In contrast, synthetic materials such as plastic or resin do not exhibit fluorescence.
| Characteristic | Real Ivory | Synthetic Ivory |
|---|---|---|
| Color | Creamy-white to off-white | Yellowish or grayish tint |
| Texture | Smooth, satiny with sheen | Coarse, matte, or plastic-like |
| Grain Pattern | Visible cross-hatched “Schrager lines” | No distinct grain pattern or imitation lines |
| Weight and Density | Dense and heavy | Light and porous |
| Fluorescence | Blue-white fluorescence under UV light | No fluorescence or weak, greenish fluorescence |
Examining Texture and Grain
Real ivory possesses a distinctive texture and grain pattern. To discern its authenticity, examine the following characteristics:
Grain Pattern
Inspect the grain pattern. Real ivory exhibits a cross-hatched or “herringbone” pattern, visible under magnification. The crisscrossing lines create a unique and intricate texture. In contrast, imitation ivory often displays a parallel or straight grain pattern, lacking this distinctive herringbone effect.
Tusk Formation and Growth Rings
Ivory is formed as the tusks of elephants and other animals grow. These tusks consist of multiple layers, each representing a year of growth. When cross-sectioned, real ivory displays distinct growth rings, similar to those seen in tree trunks. These rings indicate the age and authenticity of the ivory.
| Characteristic | Real Ivory | Imitation Ivory |
|---|---|---|
| Texture | Smooth, warm to the touch | Cold, plastic-like |
| Grain Pattern | Herringbone or cross-hatched | Parallel or straight |
| Growth Rings | Present, indicating age and authenticity | Absent or indistinct |
| Translucency | Slightly translucent, allowing light to pass through | Opaque, blocking light |
Checking for Fluorescence
Natural ivory
Natural ivory does not fluoresce under ultraviolet (UV) light, meaning it will appear black or dark brown.
Artificial ivory
Artificial ivory, such as plastic or resin, typically fluoresces under UV light in a bright white or blue color. This is because these materials contain fluorescent additives that emit light when exposed to UV radiation.
Checking ivory for fluorescence
To check ivory for fluorescence, you can use a UV flashlight or a black light. Shine the light onto the ivory in a dark room and observe the color it emits. If the ivory appears white or blue, it is likely artificial ivory. If it appears black or dark brown, it is likely natural ivory.
| Ivory Type | Fluorescence Under UV Light |
|---|---|
| Natural ivory | Black or dark brown |
| Artificial ivory | White or blue |
Conducting the Scratch Test
The scratch test is a simple, non-destructive way to determine if ivory is real. To perform the test, follow these steps:
- Gather your materials: a sharp knife or needle, a magnifying glass (optional), and a piece of ivory.
- Locate a small, inconspicuous area on the ivory where you can make a small scratch.
- Use the sharp knife or needle to make a shallow scratch on the surface of the ivory.
- Observe the scratch through the magnifying glass (if desired). If the scratch is white and powdery, it is likely that the ivory is genuine. If the scratch is dark or brown, it is likely that the ivory is not genuine.
Scratch Test Results
| Scratch Appearance | Ivory Authenticity |
|---|---|
| White and powdery | Genuine |
| Dark or brown | Not genuine |
Additional Tips:
- If possible, perform the scratch test on an area that is not visible when the ivory is displayed.
- Do not use too much pressure when scratching the ivory, as you could damage it.
- If you are unsure about the results of the scratch test, it is best to consult with an expert.
Weighing and Measuring the Ivory
Weighing and measuring the ivory can give you an indication of its authenticity. Real ivory is dense and heavy, while fake ivory is typically lighter and less dense. To weigh the ivory, hold it in your hand and feel its weight. Real ivory should feel heavy and substantial. You can also use a scale to measure the weight of the ivory. Authentic ivory should weigh more than fake ivory of the same size.
In addition to weighing the ivory, you can also measure its dimensions. Real ivory is typically longer and wider than fake ivory. To measure the dimensions of the ivory, use a ruler or tape measure. Authentic ivory should be at least 10 inches long and 1 inch wide.
Feel the Texture
Real ivory is smooth and polished, while fake ivory may have a rough or bumpy texture. Run your fingers over the surface of the ivory to feel its texture. Real ivory should feel smooth and even. You can also use a magnifying glass to examine the texture of the ivory. Authentic ivory should have a fine grain pattern.
Look for Cracks or Discoloration
Real ivory is naturally white, but it may develop a yellowish tint over time. Fake ivory is typically made of plastic or resin, which can discolor over time. Look for any cracks or discoloration on the surface of the ivory. Authentic ivory should not have any cracks or discoloration.
Scratch the Surface
Real ivory is hard and durable, while fake ivory is softer and more brittle. Scratch the surface of the ivory with your fingernail. Real ivory should not scratch easily. However, fake ivory may scratch easily and leave a white mark.
Burn Test
This test should be done as a last resort, as it will damage the ivory. If all else fails, you can perform a burn test to determine if the ivory is real. Hold the ivory over a flame and observe the reaction. Real ivory will burn slowly and produce a black smoke. Fake ivory will burn quickly and produce a white or yellow smoke.
Consulting Experts
If you have any doubts about the authenticity of your ivory piece, the best course of action is to consult with an expert. This could be a professional appraiser, an antique dealer specializing in ivories, or a museum curator with expertise in this area. They can examine the piece in person and provide you with an informed opinion on its authenticity. Here are some tips to help you locate and choose a qualified expert:
1. Get referrals from trusted sources. Ask friends, family, or colleagues who have dealt with ivory experts in the past and can recommend someone reputable.
2. Check credentials and experience. Look for experts with relevant qualifications, such as a degree in art history or a certification from a reputable organization.
3. Visit their website or gallery. This will give you a sense of their expertise and professionalism.
4. Get a written appraisal. A reputable expert will provide you with a written appraisal that states their opinion on the authenticity of your piece and its estimated value.
5.Be prepared to pay for their services. Professional experts charge a fee for their services, but it is worth the investment if you want to have peace of mind about your ivory piece.
Verifying with Documentation
When purchasing ivory, it is crucial to obtain documentation that verifies its authenticity and legality. This documentation should include:
1. CITES permit
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) regulates the international trade in ivory. A CITES permit is required for the import, export, or re-export of any ivory product.
2. Certificate of origin
This document certifies the country of origin of the ivory and the species from which it was sourced. It should be issued by the relevant government authority.
3. Invoice
The invoice should provide details about the ivory product, including its weight, quantity, and value. It should also include the name and contact information of the seller and buyer.
4. Hunting permit (for elephant ivory)
For elephant ivory, a hunting permit issued by the relevant wildlife authority is required. This permit will verify that the elephant was legally hunted and that the ivory was obtained in a sustainable manner.
5. Registration certificate (for antique ivory)
Antique ivory, which is more than 100 years old, may have been imported before CITES regulations were in place. In such cases, a registration certificate issued by the relevant authority may be required.
6. Appraisal
An appraisal by a qualified appraiser can provide an estimate of the value and authenticity of the ivory. This can be useful for insurance purposes or when selling the ivory.
7. Additional details on CITES permit:
A CITES permit contains important information that can help verify the authenticity of the ivory. Here are some key details to look for:
| Field | Information |
|---|---|
| Permit number | A unique number assigned to the permit |
| Date of issuance | The date the permit was issued |
| Issuing country | The country that issued the permit |
| Purpose of permit | The reason for which the ivory is being traded (e.g., commercial, personal use) |
| Species | The species of elephant or other animal from which the ivory was sourced |
| Weight | The weight of the ivory being traded |
Inspecting the Texture
Real ivory often exhibits a fine crosshatched pattern visible under a magnifying glass. In contrast, plastic or resin imitations typically have a smoother, more uniform texture.
Checking the Density
Ivory is denser than most imitation materials. Hold the object in your hand and estimate its weight. Real ivory should feel noticeably heavy for its size.
Examining the Color and Grain
Natural ivory ranges in color from creamy white to light yellow. It also has a distinct, irregular grain pattern that varies in size and shape.
Assessing the Surface
Genuine ivory has a smooth, polished surface with a slight sheen. Imitation ivory may have a plastic-like appearance or an artificial gloss.
Looking for Inclusions
Real ivory often contains small inclusions, such as tiny black dots or veins. These inclusions give the material a natural, organic look.
Applying the Scratch Test
Scratch the surface of the object gently with a sharp needle. Real ivory should not scratch easily, while imitation materials may leave a visible mark.
Performing the Hot Needle Test
Heat up the tip of a needle and gently touch it to the surface of the object. Real ivory will produce a distinctive burnt odor, similar to burning hair. Imitation materials may release a different type of odor.
Checking the Markings
Some ivory items may be marked with an inscription or stamp indicating their authenticity. Be aware that these markings can be forged, so it’s important to consider all other factors when evaluating the authenticity of the object.
Respecting Ethical Considerations
It’s crucial to note that the illegal ivory trade has devastating consequences for elephant populations and the environment. When purchasing ivory, obtain it from reputable sources that adhere to strict ethical guidelines. Consider supporting organizations working to protect endangered species and combat wildlife trafficking.
Understanding the Law and Regulations
The sale, purchase, and possession of ivory is strictly regulated by international, national, and local laws. Violation of these laws carries severe penalties, including fines, imprisonment, and forfeiture of property.
International Laws
- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES): CITES regulates the international trade in ivory and classifies ivory from African and Asian elephants as highly endangered.
- United Nations Transnational Organized Crime Convention: This treaty includes ivory as a serious crime, and its implementation requires countries to adopt strict laws and enforce them.
National Laws
- Endangered Species Act (ESA): The ESA protects African elephants as endangered and prohibits the import, export, and sale of their ivory.
- African Elephant Conservation Act: This act provides additional protections for African elephants and their habitats by banning the import and export of ivory.
Local Regulations
- Many states, counties, and cities have adopted their own laws and ordinances to regulate the trade and possession of ivory.
Penalties
- Fines: Up to hundreds of thousands of dollars per violation.
- Imprisonment: Up to several years depending on the severity of the offense.
- Forfeiture: Seizure of ivory and other property used in the crime.
Table of Penalties
| Offense | Penalty |
|---|---|
| Possession of illegal ivory | Fines up to $100,000; imprisonment up to 1 year |
| Trafficking in illegal ivory | Fines up to $500,000; imprisonment up to 5 years |
| Smuggling illegal ivory | Fines up to $1 million; imprisonment up to 10 years |
How To Tell If Ivory Is Real
Avoiding Fraudulent Practices
When purchasing ivory, it is crucial to exercise caution to avoid falling prey to fraudulent practices. Here are some measures to minimize the risk of acquiring counterfeit ivory:
1. Authenticity Certification
Genuine ivory should be accompanied by a reputable certification from recognized institutions, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) or the Gemological Institute of America (GIA). These certifications provide assurance of the ivory’s authenticity and legal origins.
2. Visual Inspection
Examine the ivory carefully for any signs of artificial manipulation or treatment. Natural ivory exhibits a unique grain pattern and a slight yellowish hue, which can be difficult to replicate in synthetic materials.
3. Weight and Texture
Ivory is a heavy material, so hold the piece in your hand to gauge its weight. It should feel substantial and dense. Real ivory also has a smooth, velvety texture without any noticeable cracks or blemishes.
4. Translucency
Hold the ivory up to a light source. Genuine ivory is translucent and should allow some light to pass through. If the ivory appears opaque or cloudy, it may be a sign of artificial treatment.
5. Heat Test
Apply a small amount of heat to an inconspicuous area of the ivory using a lighter or candle. Real ivory will emit a faint burning smell similar to burnt hair. Synthetic materials, on the other hand, will produce a strong chemical odor.
6. Scratch Test
Gently scratch the surface of the ivory with a sharp object, such as a needle. Real ivory should not scratch easily, while synthetic materials may show signs of damage.
7. Chemical Test
If you have access to a laboratory, chemical tests can be performed to determine the composition of the ivory. Real ivory contains organic compounds, such as collagen and keratin, which can be detected using specific chemical reagents.
8. Ultraviolet Light Test
Expose the ivory to ultraviolet (UV) light. Real ivory will fluoresce, emitting a blue or white glow. Treated or fake ivory may not exhibit any fluorescence.
9. X-ray Test
X-ray analysis can reveal the internal structure of the ivory. Real ivory has a distinct pattern of growth lines and canals, while synthetic materials may appear more uniform and lack these features.
10. Consult an Expert
If you are uncertain about the authenticity of an ivory piece, do not hesitate to consult a qualified expert or gemologist. They have the knowledge and equipment to provide a definitive assessment of its origin and authenticity.
How To Tell If Ivory Is Real
Ivory is a beautiful and valuable material that has been used for centuries to make jewelry, ornaments, and other objects. However, due to the illegal ivory trade, it is important to be able to tell the difference between real ivory and fake ivory. Here are a few ways to do so:
- **Look at the color.** Real ivory is typically a creamy white color, while fake ivory may be more yellow or brown.
- **Feel the texture.** Real ivory is smooth and cool to the touch, while fake ivory may feel rough or warm.
- **Check the weight.** Real ivory is heavy for its size, while fake ivory may be lighter.
- **Listen to the sound.** When you tap real ivory, it will produce a high-pitched sound, while fake ivory will produce a dull thud.
People Also Ask About How To Tell If Ivory Is Real
How can you tell if ivory is real or plastic?
You can tell if ivory is real or plastic by looking at the color, feel, weight, and sound. Real ivory is typically a creamy white color, while plastic ivory may be more yellow or brown. Real ivory is smooth and cool to the touch, while plastic ivory may feel rough or warm. Real ivory is heavy for its size, while plastic ivory may be lighter. When you tap real ivory, it will produce a high-pitched sound, while plastic ivory will produce a dull thud.
How can you tell if ivory is real or bone?
You can tell if ivory is real or bone by looking at the texture and color. Real ivory is smooth and creamy white, while bone is often more porous and may have a yellow or brown tint. Real ivory will also feel heavier than bone.
How can you tell if ivory is real or scrimshaw?
Scrimshaw is a type of art that is created by carving designs into ivory or bone. You can tell if ivory is real or scrimshaw by looking at the surface. If there are any carvings or engravings, then it is likely scrimshaw. Real ivory will also be smooth and creamy white, while scrimshaw may have a yellow or brown tint.
